Bibcode
Beard, M. W. J.; MᶜHardy, I. M.; Horne, K.; Cackett, E. M.; Vincentelli, F.; Santisteban, J. V. Hernández; Miller, J.; Dhillon, V. S.; Knapen, J. H.; Littlefair, S. P.; Kynoch, D.; Breedt, E.; Shen, Y.; Gelbord, J.
Bibliographical reference
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Advertised on:
2
2025
Citations
8
Refereed citations
5
Description
It is generally thought that active galactic nucleus (AGN) optical variability is produced, at least in part, by reprocessing of central X-rays by a surrounding accretion disc, resulting in wavelength-dependent lags between bands. Any good model of AGN optical variability should explain not only these lags, but also the overall pattern of variability as quantified by the power spectral density (PSD). Here, we present $\sim$daily g'-band monitoring of the low-mass AGN NGC 4395 over 3 yr. Together with previous Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC)/HiPERCAM observations, we produce an optical PSD covering an unprecedented frequency range of ~seven decades allowing excellent determination of PSD parameters. The PSD is well fitted by a bending power law with low-frequency slope $\alpha _{L} = 1.0 \pm 0.2$, high-frequency slope $2.1^{+0.2}_{-0.4}$, and bend time-scale $3.0^{+6.6}_{-1.7}\,$ d. This time-scale is close to that derived previously from a damped random walk (DRW) model fitted to just the TESS observations, although $\alpha _{L}$ is too steep to be consistent with a DRW. We compare the observed PSD with one made from light curves synthesized assuming reprocessing of X-rays, as observed by XMM-Newton and Swift, in a disc defined by the observed lags. The simulated PSD is also well described by a bending power law but with a bend two decades higher in frequency. We conclude that the large-amplitude optical variations seen on long time-scales are not due to disc reprocessing but require a second source of variability whose origin is unknown but could be propagating disc accretion rate variations.
Related projects
Spiral Galaxies: Evolution and Consequences
Our small group is well known and respected internationally for our innovative and important work on various aspects of the structure and evolution of nearby spiral galaxies. We primarily use observations at various wavelengths, exploiting synergies that allow us to answer the most pertinent questions relating to what the main properties of
Johan Hendrik
Knapen Koelstra