Penetrating the Mask: All Spiral Galaxies become Barred on Bar Torque Scales between Zero and Six
The Hubble classification scheme of galaxies is based on blue-light appearance. Atlases reveal the rich variety of responses of the Population I component (the "mask") of gas and dust to the underlying, older, stellar population. However, the Population I component may only constitute 5 percent of the dynamical mass of the galaxy; furthermore
Block, D. L. et al.
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2002